Population Dynamics of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus in Rural and Urban Settings Before an Indoor Residual Spraying Campaign in Northern Benin

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this report is to provide information on Culicidae diversity; biting behavior and spatio-seasonal variation of abundance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex quinquefasciatus in rural and urban settings of the Alibori and Donga regions, Northern Benin, where an indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign to control malaria is planned. Methods: Both human landing catches, associated with pyrethrum spray catches were used to monitor the mosquito populations in 12 sites with 1 urban and 1 rural located in each of the 6 districts randomly selected in the two targeted regions. After morphological identification of all mosquito specimens, biting behavior and density of An. gambiae s.l. and Cx quinquefasciatus were studied. PCR was also performed on An. gambiae s.l., to identify sibling species and its seasonal variation. Results: A total of 10,367 mosquitoes were captured, related to 14 species of the genera, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Mansonia. Of the total species collection, 40.39% were An. gambiae s.l. and 56.85% were Cx. quinquefasciatus. An. gambiae s.l. was more abundant in Donga (2521 specimens) compared with Alibori (1666 specimens). The opposite trend was observed with Cx. quinquefasciatus (2162 specimens in Donga against 4028 in Alibori). An. gambiae s.l. was predominant and displayed a higher blood feeding rate in rural areas, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus was in majority in urban areas. An. gambiae s.l. was more endophagic, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus showed similar indoor and outdoor biting behavior. An. gambiae s.l. was composed of An. coluzzii found in majority in the drought, and An. gambiae, which was predominant in the rainy season. Conclusion: The predominance of the malaria vector, An. gambiae s.l. and their higher blood feeding rate and their significantly high endophagy in rural areas indicate that these areas should be primarily targeted with the IRS operations to have a substantial impact on malaria transmission. Endophagy, characteristic of An. gambiae s.l. in our study area, suggests that IRS will have a positive impact on vector control if implemented 1 week before June that is the onset of the rainy season.